图形学笔记 -- OpenGL 毕业报告 / 3D 水母程序 Jellyfish

蒙皮骨骼动画 不依赖任何 3D 引擎,全部采用原生 OpenGL API 实现。包含:1. 渲染,2. 骨骼动画,3. 物理模拟。程序下载: Jellyfish.zip

先上效果

数学基础函数

M4x4 采用行优先的内存结构,glm::mat4 是 列优先记法。

// 计算投影视锥体
GLfloat* M4x4_makeFrustum(GLfloat left, GLfloat right,
    GLfloat bottom, GLfloat top,
    GLfloat znear, GLfloat zfar, GLfloat* r);
// 转置矩阵
GLfloat* M4x4_transpose(GLfloat* m, GLfloat* r);
// 计算标准正交矩阵的逆矩阵 4x4
GLfloat* M4x4_inverseOrthonormal(GLfloat* m, GLfloat* r);
// 矩阵相乘
GLfloat* M4x4_mul(GLfloat* a, GLfloat* b, GLfloat* r);
// 计算 透视投影
GLfloat* M4x4_makePerspective(GLfloat fovy, GLfloat aspect, GLfloat znear, GLfloat zfar, GLfloat* r);
// 平移矩阵
GLfloat* M4x4_makeTranslate3(GLfloat x, GLfloat y, GLfloat z, GLfloat* r);
// 矩阵平移
GLfloat* M4x4_translate3(GLfloat x, GLfloat y, GLfloat z, GLfloat* m, GLfloat* r);
// 矩阵旋转
GLfloat* M4x4_rotate(GLfloat angle, glm::vec3 axis, GLfloat* m, GLfloat* r);
// 定义一个视图矩阵
GLfloat* M4x4_makeLookAt(glm::vec3 eye, glm::vec3 center, glm::vec3 up, GLfloat* r);
// 平移矩阵
GLfloat* M4x4_makeTranslate(glm::vec3 v, GLfloat* r);
// 矩阵缩放
GLfloat* M4x4_scale1(GLfloat k, GLfloat* m, GLfloat* r);

// 向量点乘
GLfloat V3_dot(glm::vec3 a, glm::vec3 b);
// 向量叉乘
glm::vec3 V3_cross(glm::vec3 a, glm::vec3 b);
// 向量加法
glm::vec3 V3_add(glm::vec3 a, glm::vec3 b, glm::vec3& r);
// 向量缩放
glm::vec3 V3_scale(glm::vec3 a, GLfloat k);
// 向量方向:向量 A 到向量 B 的方向(标准化)
glm::vec3 V3_direction(glm::vec3 a, glm::vec3 b);
// 向量减法
glm::vec3 V3_sub(glm::vec3 a, glm::vec3 b);
// 向量长度
GLfloat V3_length(glm::vec3 a);
// 向量标准化
glm::vec3 V3_normalize(glm::vec3 a);
// 向量取反
glm::vec3 V3_neg(glm::vec3 a);

模型顶点数据

struct AttrNode {
    glm::vec3 aVertexPosition;
    glm::vec3 aVertexNormal;
    glm::vec3 aVertexColor;
    glm::vec3 aTextureCoord;
    glm::vec4 aSkinWeight;
};

struct ShaderProgram {

    GLuint program;

    GLint vertexPositionAttribute;
    GLint vertexNormalAttribute;
    GLint vertexColorAttribute;
    GLint textureCoordAttribute;
    GLint skinWeightAttribute;

    GLint world;
    GLint worldView;
    GLint worldViewProj;
    GLint view;
    GLint viewInv;

    GLint sampler[3];
    GLint joint[JOINT_COUNT]; // 关节
    GLint joint0InvTranspose;

    GLint currentTime;
    GLint currentJellyfishTime;
};

struct ShaderProgramData {
    GLfloat mWorld[16];
    GLfloat mView[16];
    GLfloat mProjection[16];
    GLfloat mWorldView[16];
    GLfloat mWorldViewProj[16];

    GLfloat mViewInv[16];
    // GLfloat* mTemp;

    GLfloat joint[JOINT_COUNT][16];
    GLfloat joint0InvTranspose[16];
    // GLfloat uCurrentJellyfishTime;
};

骨骼动画原理 骨骼动画与蒙皮矩阵 建立 1 个控制点 和 4 个骨骼节点:

aSkinWeight 可以根据 y 坐标简单算出来:

int weightSize = 0;
for (int i = 0; i < vertexPositions.size(); i = i + 3) {
    GLfloat value = vertexPositions[i + 1]; // y
    GLfloat ypos = -value / 3;
    GLfloat w0 = max(min(-ypos + 1, 1), 0);
    GLfloat w1 = max(min(ypos, -ypos + 2), 0);
    GLfloat w2 = max(min(ypos - 1, -ypos + 3), 0);
    GLfloat w3 = max(min(ypos - 2, 1), 0);
    weightData[weightSize++] = w0;
    weightData[weightSize++] = w1;
    weightData[weightSize++] = w2;
    weightData[weightSize++] = w3;
}

对应的权重图,权重分布:

JellyfishTarget

struct JellyfishTarget {
    glm::vec3 pos;
    GLfloat scale; // 缩放
    GLfloat id;
    GLfloat time;
    GLfloat speed;

    JellyfishTarget(GLfloat tx, GLfloat ty, GLfloat tz, GLfloat scale, GLfloat id) {
        this->pos = glm::vec3(tx, ty, tz);
        this->scale = scale;
        this->id = id;
        this->time = (rand() % 1000 * 1.0 / 1000) * 100;
        this->speed = (rand() % 1000 * 1.0 / 1000) + 0.5;
    }
};

关节 Spring3D

struct Spring3D {
    glm::vec3 pos; // 在父关节中的坐标
    GLfloat gravity = -0.005; // 向下的重力
    GLfloat spring = 2; // 弹性
    GLfloat lookat[16]; // 相对父关节朝向

    Spring3D(GLfloat xpos, GLfloat ypos, GLfloat zpos) {
        pos = glm::vec3(xpos, ypos, zpos);
    }

    void update(glm::vec3 target);
};

JellyfishInstance

struct JellyfishInstance {
    glm::vec3 pos;
    GLfloat scale; // 相对父关节的缩放
    GLfloat time;
    std::map<int, Spring3D*> sx;

    JellyfishInstance(glm::vec3 pos, GLfloat scale, GLfloat time) {
        this->pos = pos;
        this->scale = scale;
        this->time = time;

        for (int j = 0; j < JOINT_COUNT; j++) {
            this->sx[j] = new Spring3D(pos[0], pos[1] - 1 - 1 * j * this->scale, pos[2]);
        }
    }

    void draw();
    void simulate();
};

蒙皮动画

guillaumeblanc / ozz-animation

局部姿势是关节相对于父关节来指定的,是一种常见的姿势。局部姿势存储为 $TQS$ 的格式, 表示相对与父关节的位置、朝向、缩放,根关节的父节点可以认为是世界坐标系原点。

关节在三维软件里通常是显示成一个点或者一个球,实际上,每个关节定义了一个坐标空间。 在数学上,关节姿势就是一个仿射变换,用 $P_j$ 表示关节 $j$ 代表的仿射变换, 它是一个 $4\times 4$ 的矩阵,它由平移向量 $T_j$,旋转矩阵 $R_j$ 以及对角缩放矩阵 $S_j$ 组成。

\[P_j=\left[\begin{matrix} R_jS_j & T_j \\ 0 & 1 \end{matrix} \right]\]

局部关节姿势可以表示为:

struct JointPose
{
    Quaternion m_rot; // 相对父关节朝向
    Vector3 m_trans;  // 在父关节中的坐标
    Vector3 m_scale;  // 相对父关节的缩放
};

局部关节姿势矩阵 $P_j$ 作用到以关节 $j$ 坐标系表示的点或者向量时,其结果是将点或者向量变换到父关节坐标空间表示的点。

这样关节 8 的 蒙皮矩阵 就是 \(F_8=G_8O_8=P_1'P_7'P_8'(P_1P_7P_8)^{-1}\)

加权平均的计算时,顶点绑定的所有骨架的权重和为 1。通常设每个顶点最多绑定到 4 个骨架,程序存储如下:

struct SkinnedVertex
{
    float m_position[3]; // 顶点位置(x, y, z)
    float m_normal[3];   // 顶点法向量(Nx, Ny, Nz)
    float m_u, m_v;      // 纹理坐标
    U8 m_jointIndex[4];  // 关节的索引
    float m_jointWeight[4]; // 关节权重
};

上面提到过 蒙皮矩阵 ,但是还没正式定义,蒙皮矩阵就是把顶点从 绑定姿势 变换到骨骼的 当前姿势 的矩阵。 蒙皮矩阵和前面的 基变更 矩阵不同,它只是把顶点变换到新的位置,顶点变换前后都在世界空间中(或模型空间中)。 和上面一样用 $F_j$ 表示关节 $j$ 的蒙皮矩阵,假设某个顶点 $v$ 受到上面关节 14、18、15、25 的影响, 对应点权重分别为 $w_1,w_2,w_3,w_4$,则顶点 $v$ 的最终变换位置为: \(v'=w_1F_{14}v+w_2F_{18}v+w_3F_{15}v+w_4F_{25}v\) 上面公式就是顶点的蒙皮计算方法。

绘制主流程

void drawScene(float aspect) {

    // interact();
    // requestAnimFrame(animate);
    refreshCurrentTimeAndTexture();
    refreshMatrix(aspect);

    interpolateTargets(); // 内插 Target
    simulateTargets();

    interpolateJellyfish();
    drawJellyfish();
}

矩阵更新

void refreshMatrix(float aspect) {

    M4x4_makePerspective(g_localParam.camera.fov, aspect,
        g_localParam.camera.znear, g_localParam.camera.zfar,
        g_programData.mProjection);

    M4x4_makeTranslate3(0, 0, 0, g_programData.mWorld);
    M4x4_makeTranslate3(0, 0, 0, g_programData.mView);

    M4x4_translate3(g_localParam.camera.translate[0], 0, 0, g_programData.mView, g_programData.mView);
    M4x4_translate3(0, -g_localParam.camera.translate[1], 0, g_programData.mView, g_programData.mView);
    M4x4_translate3(0, 0, g_localParam.camera.translate[2], g_programData.mView, g_programData.mView);
    M4x4_rotate(g_localParam.camera.rotate[0], glm::vec3(1, 0, 0), g_programData.mView, g_programData.mView);
    M4x4_rotate(g_localParam.camera.rotate[1], glm::vec3(0, 1, 0), g_programData.mView, g_programData.mView);

    // Set necessary matrices
    M4x4_mul(g_programData.mView, g_programData.mWorld, g_programData.mWorldView);
    M4x4_mul(g_programData.mProjection, g_programData.mWorldView, g_programData.mWorldViewProj);
    M4x4_inverseOrthonormal(g_programData.mView, g_programData.mViewInv);

    g_localParam.camera.eye = glm::vec3(-g_programData.mViewInv[12], -g_programData.mViewInv[13], -g_programData.mViewInv[14]);
}

Target 动画模拟

void simulateTargets() {
    for (int i = 0; i < g_jellyfishTargets.count; i++) {

        // SET TIME
        float xtime = g_userParam.userSpeed * 16 / (g_jellyfishTargets[i]->scale + 1);
        g_jellyfishTargets[i]->time += xtime * g_jellyfishTargets[i]->speed;

        // MOVE
        time_t ztime = time(NULL) * 1000;
        float speed = g_jellyfishTargets[i]->scale * g_userParam.userSpeed * 2.8;
        float x = g_jellyfishTargets[i]->pos[2] + g_jellyfishTargets[i]->id + ztime / 10000;
        float y = g_jellyfishTargets[i]->pos[0] + g_jellyfishTargets[i]->id + ztime / 10000;
        float z = g_jellyfishTargets[i]->pos[1] + g_jellyfishTargets[i]->id + ztime / 10000;
        glm::vec3 flow = glm::vec3(
            speed * sin(x * g_userParam.userTurbulence),
            speed * sin(y * g_userParam.userTurbulence),
            speed * sin(z * g_userParam.userTurbulence)
        );

        V3_add(g_jellyfishTargets[i]->pos, flow, g_jellyfishTargets[i]->pos);

        // REPEL
        // 鱼和鱼之间的缠绕
        for (int j = 0; j < g_jellyfishTargets.count; j++) {
            if (i != j) {
                glm::vec3 delta = V3_sub(g_jellyfishTargets[i]->pos, g_jellyfishTargets[j]->pos);
                float dist = V3_length(delta);
                glm::vec3 dir = V3_normalize(delta);
                glm::vec3 force = V3_scale(dir, pow(1.0 / dist, 3) * 20000);
                V3_add(g_jellyfishTargets[i]->pos, force, g_jellyfishTargets[i]->pos);
            }
        }

        // CENTER
        g_jellyfishTargets[i]->pos[0] *= 0.995;
        g_jellyfishTargets[i]->pos[1] *= 0.995;
        g_jellyfishTargets[i]->pos[2] *= 0.995;
    }
}

单个水母关节动画

void Spring3D::update(glm::vec3 target) {

    glm::vec3 delta = V3_sub(target, this->pos);
    glm::vec3 deltaNorm = V3_normalize(delta);

    deltaNorm = V3_scale(deltaNorm, this->spring); // 弹性
    delta = V3_sub(delta, deltaNorm);

    GLfloat stiffness = 0.2; // 刚度
    GLfloat mass = 0.1; // 质量
    GLfloat damping = 0.1; // 阻尼

    glm::vec3 force = V3_scale(delta, stiffness); // 刚度
    force[1] += this->gravity; // 向下的重力
    glm::vec3 accel = V3_scale(force, 1 / mass); // 加速度
    glm::vec3 veloc = glm::vec3(0, 0, 0); // 速度速率
    V3_add(force, accel, veloc);
    veloc = V3_scale(veloc, damping); // 阻尼

    V3_add(this->pos, veloc, this->pos);
    M4x4_makeLookAt(this->pos, target, g_localParam.camera.eye, this->lookat);
}

void JellyfishInstance::simulate() {
    GLfloat propel = 1; // 推力
    propel = (sin(this->time + PI) + 0.6) * 0.2; // 推搡
    for (int j = 0; j < JOINT_COUNT; j++) {
        if (j == 0) {
            this->sx[0]->spring = 1.295 * this->scale * (2.0 - propel); // 弹性
            this->sx[0]->update(this->pos);
            this->sx[0]->gravity = -0.01; // 向下的重力
        }
        else {
            this->sx[j]->spring = 2.95 * this->scale; // 弹性
            this->sx[j]->update(this->sx[j - 1]->pos);
            this->sx[j]->gravity = -0.02; // 向下的重力
        }

        M4x4_makeTranslate(this->sx[j]->pos, g_programData.joint[j]);
        M4x4_mul(g_programData.joint[j], this->sx[j]->lookat, g_programData.joint[j]);
        M4x4_scale1(this->scale, g_programData.joint[j], g_programData.joint[j]);
        M4x4_translate3(0, j * 3, 0, g_programData.joint[j], g_programData.joint[j]);
    }
}

绘制部分

int sort3d(glm::vec4& a, glm::vec4& b) {
    glm::vec3 va(a[1], a[2], a[3]);
    glm::vec3 vb(b[1], b[2], b[3]);
    glm::vec3 eye = glm::vec3(
        -g_localParam.camera.eye[0],
        -g_localParam.camera.eye[1] + 20,
        -g_localParam.camera.eye[2]);
    GLfloat lenva = V3_length(V3_sub(eye, va));
    GLfloat lenvb = V3_length(V3_sub(eye, vb));
    if (lenva > lenvb) {
        return -1;
    }
    if (lenva < lenvb) {
        return 1;
    }
    return 0;
}
int cmpfunc(const void* a, const void* b) {
    return sort3d(*(glm::vec4*)a, *(glm::vec4*)b);
}

void drawJellyfish() {
    qsort(&g_jellyfish.order[0], g_jellyfish.order.size(), sizeof(glm::vec4), cmpfunc);
    for (int i = 0; i < g_jellyfish.count; i++) {
        int index = g_jellyfish.order[i][0];
        if (g_jellyfish[index]) {
            g_jellyfish[index]->simulate();
            g_jellyfish[index]->draw();
        }
    }
}

CMakeLists.txt

cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.4.1)

project(jellyfish)

set(CMAKE_C_FLAGS_DEBUG "${CMAKE_C_FLAGS_DEBUG} -D_DEBUG")
set(CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS_DEBUG "${CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS_DEBUG} -D_DEBUG")

add_definitions(-DUNICODE -D_UNICODE)

set(OGL3RD_DIR "${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/../../opengl-3rd")

# json botan lz4
# add_subdirectory(${OGL3RD_DIR}/thirdparty thirdparty.build)

include_directories(
    ${OGL3RD_DIR}/glad/include
    ${OGL3RD_DIR}/glfw-3.3.2.bin.WIN32/glfw-3.3.2.bin.WIN32/include
    ${OGL3RD_DIR}/glew-2.2.0-win32/glew-2.2.0/include
    ${OGL3RD_DIR}/glm-0.9.9.8/glm
    ${OGL3RD_DIR}/stb
    ${OGL3RD_DIR}/thirdparty/json-3.9.1/single_include
)

link_directories(
    ${OGL3RD_DIR}/glew-2.2.0-win32/glew-2.2.0/lib/Release/Win32
    ${OGL3RD_DIR}/glfw-3.3.2.bin.WIN32/glfw-3.3.2.bin.WIN32/lib-vc2017
    ${OGL3RD_DIR}/glad/lib/vs2017_win32/Release
)

FILE(GLOB_RECURSE OGL_HEADERS
    RELATIVE "${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}"
    "${OGL3RD_DIR}/learnopengl/*.*"
)
source_group(TREE "${OGL3RD_DIR}" FILES ${OGL_HEADERS})

add_executable(
    jellyfish
    jellyfish.h
    jellyfish.cpp
    jellyfishImpl.cpp
    jellyfishMath.cpp
    jellyfishUtil.cpp
    jellyfishVertex.cpp
    jellyfishTexture.cpp
    jellyfishShader.cpp
    jellyfishSimulator.cpp
    jellyfish.vert
    jellyfish.frag
    ${OGL3RD_DIR}/stb/stb_image.cpp
    ${OGL_HEADERS}
)
target_link_libraries(
    jellyfish
    glfw3 glew32s
    opengl32 # fakedriver
    glad
)

set_target_properties(jellyfish PROPERTIES RUNTIME_OUTPUT_DIRECTORY_DEBUG "${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/product")
set_target_properties(jellyfish PROPERTIES VS_DEBUGGER_WORKING_DIRECTORY "${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/product")

Shader

jellyfish.vert

#version 330 core
layout (location = 0) in vec3 aVertexPosition;
layout (location = 1) in vec3 aVertexNormal;
layout (location = 2) in vec3 aVertexColor;
layout (location = 3) in vec3 aTextureCoord;
layout (location = 4) in vec4 aSkinWeight;

uniform mat4 uWorld;
uniform mat4 uViewInv;
uniform mat4 uWorldView;
uniform mat4 uWorldViewProj;

uniform mat4 uJoint0;
uniform mat4 uJoint1;
uniform mat4 uJoint2;
uniform mat4 uJoint3;
uniform mat4 uJoint0InvTranspose;

uniform float uCurrentJellyfishTime;

out vec4 vWorld;

out vec3 vTextureCoord;
out vec3 vDiffuse;
out vec3 vFresnel;

void main() {

  // 顶点动画
  float dpi = 6.2831853;
  float pi = 3.14159265;
  float hpi = 1.570796325;
  float time = mod(uCurrentJellyfishTime+aVertexPosition.y, dpi);

  float offset = smoothstep(0.0,1.,max(0.,-aVertexPosition.y-0.8)/10.);

  vec3 anim = (vec3(aVertexColor.x,aVertexColor.y,aVertexColor.z)/8.0*sin(time) * (1.-offset));
  vec3 pos = aVertexPosition + anim;

  // 骨骼蒙皮动画算法(Linear Blending Skinning)
  pos = vec3(uJoint0 * vec4(pos, 1.0))*aSkinWeight.x +
        vec3(uJoint1 * vec4(pos, 1.0))*aSkinWeight.y +
        vec3(uJoint2 * vec4(pos, 1.0))*aSkinWeight.z +
        vec3(uJoint3 * vec4(pos, 1.0))*aSkinWeight.w;
  vec3 nrm = vec3(uJoint0InvTranspose * vec4(aVertexNormal, 1.0));

  // 矩阵
  vWorld = uWorld * vec4(pos, 1.0);
  vec4 WorldViewProj = uWorldViewProj * vec4(pos, 1.0);

  // vertex normal
  vec3 VertexNormal = normalize(nrm);

  // vertex eye vector
  vec3 WorldEyeVec = normalize(vWorld.xyz - uViewInv[3].xyz);

  // diffuse
  vec3 lightDir = vec3(0.0,1.0,0.0);
  vec3 lightCol = vec3(0.6,0.4,0.1);
  vec3 ambientCol = vec3(0.5,0.2,0.1);
  float diffuseProduct = max(dot(normalize(VertexNormal.xyz), lightDir), 0.0);
  vDiffuse = lightCol * vec3(diffuseProduct) + ambientCol;

  // 菲涅尔反射 (Fresnel Reflection)
  vec3 fresnelColor = vec3(0.2,0.5,0.6);
  float fresnelProduct = pow(1.0-max(abs(dot(VertexNormal, -WorldEyeVec)), 0.0), 2.0);
  vFresnel = fresnelColor * vec3(fresnelProduct);

  // texture coords
  vTextureCoord = aTextureCoord;

  gl_Position = WorldViewProj;
}

jellyfish.frag

#version 330 core
uniform sampler2D uSampler0;
uniform sampler2D uSampler1;
uniform sampler2D uSampler2;

uniform float uCurrentTime;

in vec4 vWorld;

in vec3 vTextureCoord;
in vec3 vDiffuse; // 漫射的
in vec3 vFresnel; // Fresnel 效果

out vec4 FragColor;

void main() {
  vec3 caustics = texture(uSampler1, vec2((vWorld.x)/48.+uCurrentTime/12., (vWorld.z-vWorld.y)/95.)).rgb; // 水波纹
  vec4 colorMap = texture(uSampler0, vec2(vTextureCoord.s, vTextureCoord.t));

  FragColor = vec4(((vDiffuse + caustics)*colorMap.rgb) + vFresnel, colorMap.a);
}

参考资料快照
参考资料快照

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